An ecosystem is a complex network of living organisms—such as plants, animals, and microorganisms—interacting with non-living elements like air, water, soil, and sunlight. These interactions enable the flow of energy and nutrients, allowing life to function in a balanced and sustainable way. Ecosystems can exist on land or in water and vary greatly in size and complexity.

Ecosystems play a vital role in maintaining biodiversity, regulating climate, recycling nutrients, and supporting food chains. Human survival depends heavily on healthy ecosystems for clean air, fresh water, food, and natural resources.

Types of Ecosystems:

• Terrestrial ecosystems: Forests, deserts, grasslands
• Aquatic ecosystems: Oceans, rivers, lakes, wetlands
• Artificial ecosystems: Agricultural fields, urban parks

Examples:

• A forest ecosystem supporting trees, animals, insects, and soil organisms
• A pond ecosystem with fish, algae, aquatic plants, and microorganisms